Some refer to a specific substance, some are generic.
1993 is a generic one for basically any type of fuel oil. You'll see diesel placarded as this. 1203 for gasoline. 3082 is a generic one as well. I know that MDI will use it, but so will a bunch of other generally not so hazardous substances. Then you get specific ones like 1017 for Chlorine gas, 1005 for Anhydrous Ammonia, 1789 for Hydrochloric Acid, 1824 for Caustic Soda, and the list goes on.
There's a little orange book (Emergency Response Guide) that will list what the substances are and basic emergency response actions(go figure). It's actually helpful when you know what industry accepts which product and all that.
The little number there on the bottom refers to chemicals class. 2 is gases, 3 is flammable liquids, oxidizers a class 5, 8 will be corrossives, and 9 is miscellaneous.
A few others I'm forgetting, but you get the gist. Some will even be subdivided like 2.3 being a poisonous gas. Protip: If you ever see the words "Inhalation Hazard" on something, it's actually really fucking bad and dangerous. Like seriously bad.